Harbor



t M. KNIGHT rHARBR Filed Feb. .1 21 V1954 sheds-sheet 1 INVENToR-H j HERBEBgT M. KNIGHT l l A* l( winmx may@ ff?) A ORNE l Jane-23, "1936. H. KNIGHT;

HARBOR' Filedl Fe'. 12, 19:54

L: Sheng-sheet 2 `|NvENToR HER B E RT M.

BY KN IGHT ATTORNE June z3, 1936. H, M KNIGHT 2,044,795

l HARBOR Filed Feb. 12, 1954 4 SheelES-Shee'tf 5 HE R BBYE RIT M; KNlGHT' ATTORN EY Waves.

` Patented June 23, 1936 HARBOR Herbert M. Knight, Upper Montclair. N. J. Application February 12, 1934, Serial No. '110,828

2s claims.

'I'his invention relates to improvements in harbors, more particularly to oceanic harbors, and especially to harbors for the landing oi' sea-planes, such harbors usually being designated by the term "sea-drome.

One ,of the objects oi this invention is to provide an area of quiet water in the ocean, even though such area be surrounded by turbulent Another object of the invention is to provide a series of piers or pontoons, immovably located in, and resting upon, the bed of, the ocean, gaps between said piers being closed by a mobile baille, or barrier, ilexibly connected to said piers. Another object of the invention is to provide a series oi radiating avenues in the oceans, said avenues lying between isolated piers which are connected by mobile barriers. A further object of the invention is to provide a pier which can be partially constructed a distance from the site of final and ilxed position, and, subsequently, towed to such point of fixed location, and by further and complete construction thereof, be sunk' to, or below, the bed oi' the ocean. Still another object of the invention is to provide such piers, so located, and constructed, as that after the completion of construction, they shall rest upon, or beneath, the bed of the ocean, and, at the same time, extend to any desired heighth above the surface thereof. A further object of the invention is to employ such ilxed piers in comunction with other, and floating piers. A further object of the invention is `the employment of xed and iloating piers with floating barriers in connection therewith. Still another object of the invention is the use of beacon clusters in combination with such barriers. Another object of the invention is the utilization of such barriers in multiple lines. Still other objects of the invention will appear from the accompanying drawings and the speciiications. v

I illustrate my invention by the accompanying drawings which indicate the usual and preferred embodiment of the invention, but such illustration is not to be deemed as including all forms in which the invention may be embodied, nor as excluding other forms not shown.

In the accompanying drawings Fig. 1 is a horizontal cross-section of a xed pier o'n the line II of Figs. 2 and 3. Fig. 2 is a vertical crosssection of a xed pier on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a vertical transversecross-section of a ilxed pier on the line 3-3 of Fig. 1. Fig. 4 is a plan view oi a harbor arranged on a radiating basis. Fig. 5 is an isometric view of a form of block employed in the construction of such piers.

Fig. 6 is a horizontal cross section oi' a floating pier on the line 6 6 of Fig. 8.v Fig. 7 is a horizontal view of a floating pier on the line 1-1 oi Fig. 8. Fig. 8 is an end elevation oi' a iloating pier on the line 8 8 of Fig. 7. Fig. 9 is aside ele- 5 vation of a iloating pier on the` line .-9 of Fig. 7. Fig. 10 is a plan view of a harbor .arranged on a, polygonal barrier basis. Fig. 11 is a crosssection of a oating barrier unit. Fig. 12 is a plan view of a combined fixed and iloating pier barrier with floating barrier units. Fig. 13 is an elevation of such a combination. Fig. 14 is an elevation of a iioating barrier unit on the line. I4-l4 of Fig. 11. Fig. 15 is a longitudinal view of such barrier unit on the line I5-I5 o! Fig. 11. Fig.v 16 is a plan view of a harbor in which the barrier is a multiple o! approximately parallel barrier lines. Fig. 17 is a cross-section of a floating barrier unit specially adapted for use in a multiple lined barrier. Fig. 18 is an elevation of a group ofsuch iioating barriers. Fig. 19 is a cross-section of a multiple lined barrier. on the line Iii- I9 of Fig. 16, and Fig. 20 is an elevation of a single iioating barrier unit.

Referring to the drawings, in which similar numerals of reference indicate similar or identical parts throughout, the invention comprises a xed pier I, at least the lower part of which is within a cofferdam for convenience identied as the outer coierdam 2, and within both the outer cofferdam and the pier is another or inner coilerdam 3. Within the outer coierdam are provided a plurality of masonry shells I, forming both a l peripheral wall and interior dividing walls dividing the pier -into numerous compartments. Within some of these compartments are buoyancy tanks 5. 0n the outside of the pier are secured towingand anchoring bitts- 6. Within the pier, and'particularly within the inner coiierdam are shown concrete conveying pipes .'I, and at the bottom of the pier also within the inner coderdam are shown scuttle valves 8, and likewise within .the inner coierdam are shown unwatering devices. 'I'he bottom of the cofrerdam is shown iiiled to a desired height with a permanent mass concrete ballast I0. Projecting downwardly from the cofferdam are cutting edges I l, and the space definedy thereby and between the bed to which the pier is sunk is filled throughv pipe I with a concretelling I2. Ports I3 are provided through the bottom of the coiierdam and the permanent concrete ballast I0 into the compartments having the buoyancy tanks. The compartment surrounding the inner cotlerdanr has concrete filling I4 therein. It may be here noted that the several posts 41 walls are preferably constructed with pre-cast blocks |35 having end grooves I5, face grooves l1 extending in a direction to intersect the end grooves, and end pockets I8 at the edges where said grooves would normally intersect. Similar pockets I9 are arranged at the other sides of the block, and a center pocket 25 is provided in the face of the block midway of the face grooves l1.

vIn the middle o'f this center pocket 2li is shown a reinforcement perforation 2l, and at appropriate points upon the face of the block is provided a plurality of dowel holes 22 for receiving dowels 23 therein.

While the pier so far described is adapted to rest upon the bottom of the body of water, my invention enables the utilization of a floating, but anchored, ballasted pier, and Figure 6 et sequel, designates such a floating pier by numeral 24, the same having an extended bottom 25 for increase ballast. The floating pier is maintained in place by anchoring cables 25 secured to bitts 6 on the pier and to cable floats 21 and finally to anchors 28. The buoyancy of the pier is maintained by suitable buoyancy chambers 28 which may conveniently comprise the space, in

whole or in part, within the inner coiferdam 3.

On the top of the floating piers I have shown a combing frame 30 having grillage beams 3| for impeding wave motion in the water. The piers, fixed and/or floating, are arranged in the ocean or elsewhere to form dening points for an area to be enclosed, and conveniently this area may bemarkcd by a beacon cluster 32 here shown as at the center thereof. A

Associated with the piers to provide therewith an adequate barrier are a plurality of iioating barriers 33 comprising a lower float 34 and an upper oat 35 connected by a comb 35 attached to both of said iioats as part of the floating barrier unit. The comb is attached to the floats by suitable means such as indicated at 31, and the elements comprising the comb may be connected between the floats by transverse struts 38 with suitable joining means 39 at the juncture of said struts and comb` elements. The barrier units are secured in proper relation to the piers by main barrier cables 40 extending in a direction corresponding to that of the series of barriers. Anchors 4I offset laterally from the line of barriers are connected by cables 42 to cleats 43 on the barrier for holding the barrier units from undue lateral displacement from the general line of the barrier. It is to be understood that the barrier units stand in upright position largely above the surfaceof the water indicated at 44, and are held in this upright position by permanent ballast 45 within the bottom part of the lower float 34. Access to the buoyancy chamber may be secured through cap 46. If found necessary or desirable,

may be provided between the two buoyancy chambers for holding them apart and increasing the rigidity.

As it is part of my invention to prevent formation of ice upon the barriers, I have shown the same equipped with a heat conveyor 48 thereon receiving heat in the form of steam or otherwise from a heat conveyor reservoir 48 disposed in convenient relation to several of the barrier units and supplying heat to said units through appropriete distributors or pipe connections 50, said reservoirs in turn receiving the heat through main conveyors l from the source of supply. Return iiow, direct to the source of supply, if so desired, is obtained through return heat conveyors or pipes 52 having connections 53 with the heat conveyor 48 or associated parts. Further details of construction include a guide 54 for.the main cable to pass the same longitudinally of the barrier, and also includes anchor cable connections 55 on the barrier, preferably at an upper part thereof with anchor cable ring-guides 55 near a lower part thereof. Furthermore, depending tines or ngers 51 may project below the lower oat chamber for interference with wave influences attempting to pass beneath the barrier. The main cables 40 may be suitably anchored to piers I, l at opposite ends of the series of barrier units if prevailing depths will permit, as shownv in Figures and 12, or may be attached to dropped anchors 58, 58 as shown in Figure 18 if such method is preferred or necessary. f

Navigating the oceans has been from the earliest attempts fraught with great hazard and danger. Three causes have most largely contributed to theserconditions, vizt-the great distances involved, the high waves induced by storms and the great depths which precluded satisfactory 'anchorage With the building of larger and faster vessels these dangers have been materially reduced. With the advent of the air plane, and

the demand that it be employed in trans-oceanic commerce, the problem of safe traverse of the great ocean distances has again become a problem of major importance.

On account of the great distances, and the lack of sufiicient islands or bodies of land upon a direct or nearly direct route between the major cities upon the several continents, this very desirable and quite important adjunct of modern commercia1 life, has failed of solution.. Many expediente 35 have been proposed, most of which are for the utilization of lines far from direct, but on which land areas in the oceans can be utilized as midstation landing fields. But these longer routes add materially to the distances, and therefore reduce both the business which can be carried, and the return therefrom. Floating landing fields have also been suggested and attempted, which contemplate a huge platform, set upon iioats, high above the waves, and anchored to the ocean bed. The major defect of this method is that sea-boats and amphibians cannot be used, trafiic being limited to planes equipped with a ground landing gear. This defect becomes the more apparent when it is realized that safety in transit across large bodies of water is more positively assured when the seas are traversed by carriers capable of landing safely upon the water surface.

This invention seeks to overcome the above recited diiculties by establishing areas of comparatively quiet water, upon which amphibian' and sea-boats, may land with safety and ccmfort. Certain natural phenomena lend themselves directly to accomplishment of this purpose.

Usually the ocean depths, both of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are of great depth, in many places averaging from 12,000 to 13,000 feet. 'I'here are however. and especially in the Atlantic Ocean great variations in depth, there being several spots where the ocean bed rises to a comparatively slight depth, and such rise results in depths suiiiciently shallow to permit of the anchoring and permanent locating of an artificial harbor on the surface of the quiet water of which such sea-boats, amphibian and similar vaircraft could safely land, and in which storm driven vessels could nd safe anchorage.

It is evident from the foregoing that the essential of this invention consists in quieting the surface of the ocean by isolating an area thereof within a barrier, soas to reduce and deflect the waves exterior to such barrier before any portion of such waves could penetrate to the area isolated. There exist in nature remarkable examples of this quieting of oceanic waters in the atolls which are so numerous in the south seas. These atolls consist of a circular, or nearly circular, ring, or strip, of coral rock, projecting a short distance above the surface of the water, and surrounding, or nearly surrounding a central lagoon, which central lagoon is still and quiet water, while exterior to the encompassingcoral rim, the waves or surf may be high and violent.

The object of this invention is to reproduce these natural conditions in bodies of water where natural conditions, while not yielding themselves to the creation of atolls, are such 'as to permit the location and anchoring of artificial barriers instead of the .coral rock rim, thereby securing the quiet interior area so admirably obtained naturally in the atoll.

The above purpose is secured by the use of certain appliances, such as fixed piers I, floating piers 24 or barrier combs 33, either used separately, or in combination, as the particular case may make desirable or essential. While primarily `the system has been developed with a view to offering safe ,trans-oceanic commercial transport,

the system is not to be assumed as limited solely and alone'to oceanic locations and conditions. It

' l.has .a wide application to inland locations, where in `connection with lakes and rivers, a floating landing eld voffers greater advantages as regards economy and adaptability, than an earth field.

The piers, whether fixed or floating, are vof nearly identical design. They consisteof an outer metal coierdam 2, sealed against the infiltration of water from without. Such coiferdam is constructed in the same manner as the outer skin of ships, and covering the bottom and the sides, and being water tight, assures that the piers will float, either while being towed to their final locations, or continuously after having been located in position. Against this outer cofferdam is built up a masonry shell 4, usually of pre-cast concrete, of a block,A or similar type of material. This Vpre-cast structure is usually of pre-cast concrete of specially formed blocks, which may, or may not, be heavily reinforced. Within, and interior of both the outer cofferdam and the pre-cast masonry shell 4, are iocatedinner cofferdams 3,

usually in multiple, which are of metal. In fixed piers, provision is made for scuttling, if necessary, by scuttle-valves 8, operated from the roof 46 of the piers. The iixed piers likewise have a cutting edge I I at the bottom which will penetrate the mud and ooze of the bottom of the body of water, until the pier reaches a condition of stability or rest, after which any space between the base of the pier and the bed `will be filled with mass concrete I2, forced through concrete pressure pipes 'I to the said area, so filling it as to distribute the weight of the pier evenly over the foundation.' In addition, the fixed piers, because of their greater height and bulk, are provided with open end sections, with ports I3 thereto, for the entrance of water from the surrounding body of water. Within these ends are located metal buoyancy chambers 5 which add to the buoyant effect, and aid in the flotation and regulationof the pier during location. L

Between the inner coiferdam andthe exterior pre-cast masonry shell is an area in which filling I4 is placed for the purpose of sinking the pierA to the bed, or to some definite depth of dotation.

'Ihis filling I4 may be earth, rock, or similar ma.- terial, or it may be mass concrete, all of pre-determined amount and weight, so as to overcome l5 the upward buoyant eilect of the water and secure the desired amount of immersion. 'Ihis mass lling likewise becomes an element of greatly added strength to the structure, preventing fracturing, either of the exterior cofferdam or its l0 inner pre-cast masonry shell. 'I'his feature of a ll between the shell and the interior collerdam, is common to either the fixed or floating type of pier. s

Towing and anchoring bitts 6 are a part of both types of piers, such bitts being located at or near the angles of said pier. To these bitts tow-V ing cables are attached during towing to location, and subsequently, and when in final position, these bitts become the attachment members for the anchor cables 26. The anchor cables attached to the piers are usually passed over cable floats 21 so as to raise them above the water surface in proximity to the piers, but also to relieve the cable and the piers from sudden shocks and strains, these cable floats actingas accumulators, or equalizers, to mitigate the effects of sudden or severe wave action.

The area within the enclosing walls of the inner coierdam becomes anV inner buoyancy chamber 30- 29, in all respects similar to the hold of a ship, and in fact the entire pier becomes a large, heavy masonry boat, of relatively small superilcial-area', and relatively great. depth. These buoyancychambers are usually covered, for, although they 35 are carefully protected from infiltration or leakage rain or spray may enter, and thereby inter-v fere with the net buoyancy, which is relatively low.

In order to break up spray, or the tips of high i0l f waves, the piers are, in some instances, capped with a combing, either of bars or of pipe 3|, supported by a frame attached to the pier. 'I'his combing isv not intended to` resist the wave action, only to retard it, such retardation reducing the amount of water which will overtop the pier and find itself on the pool side thereof. The lower of these frame supported combs, unlike the upper, is usually a full and unperforated plate, its oilice being to return a part of the water to the source from which it came. The upper combing is preferably a grizzly of pipes 3 I, such an .arrangement acting most effectively in= slowing up the wave` during its passage, without undue, or excessive impacts.

Between the piers, and also sometimes extraneous thereto,` are anchored floating barriers 33. 'Ihe purpose of these barriers is to retard wave action, rather than to resist it. 'I'hese floating barriers are usually connected to the piers by slack cables 40, admitting of considerable latitude of motion of the floating barriers. 'I'he barriers are securely anchored in position, but the cables are attached to the barriers so as to permit motion of the barriers without unduly stressing the cables. These barriers may be of various forms. 'Ihe preferred form of barrier consists of an upper tank 35 and a lower tank or oat 34, usually of circular cross-section, these tanks being. water tight. 'Ihe lower tank 34 is always the larger of 70 the two, and, in addition to its size, and as a. further element in securing a stable condition of flotation, a permanent ballast (45, usually of concretemasonry, is placed in the bottom of the lower tank. The tanks are immovably connected together with a combing 36, usually of tubing "or piping, this combing partially surrounding both tanks in such manner as to hold them irrevocably in position and at a certain determined distance apart. This combing does not entirely encircle each tank, but is so formed around both tanks as to retain them in their relative positions. In addition the tanks and the combing are attached rigidly together, preferably by welding 31, thereby ensuring that both elements of the barrier shall act together. Further a system of struts or braces 38, rigidly strengthens the combing, so that the impact of waves is prevented from demolishing the barrier.

The barriers are anchored at 4 I so that the anchor cable 42 is slack at any position between trough and mean height of wave. Waves striking the barrier cause it to rise until the anchor cables are taut. After the cables 42 have become taut the barrier revolves slightly, and in the direction of the advancing wave, until restrained from further revolution by the pier cable 48. The waves then rise to the combing 38, through which their passage is retarded, only a portion of theV wave passing through the openings between the grid of which the combing is composed. This combing 38 is usually composed of tubes or pipes, by which form of construction the opening is gradually reduced, rather than an opening the full amount of which is immediately oiIered in opposition to the passage of a wave. The interference of this barrier combing so delays ,the crest of the wave as that the trough Iarrives before all of the crest can force its way through the tube-bars of the com with "the result, that the retarded wave flows backward into the sea, instead of forward into the pool. All of this action reduces the turbulence of the pool, and quiets the water therein, relative to the water exterior to the barrier. An area of water surface, free from large waves, and safe and satisfactory for the landing of sea-planes and amphibians under al1 conditions, and a harbor safe for the anchoring of vessels far from land, is the result.

In lieu of a harbor periphery composed of a combination of piers and floating barriers, a periphery composed of barriers alonecan be used. Piers are used where the depths are comparatively slight, and where the founding of piers is both comparatively inexpensive and, not dimcult. Where depths are greater the expense and difilculty of this method of construction becomes prohibitive, and harbors having peripheries of floating barriers alone are employed. Such a form of construction is illustrated in Fig. 16. This illustration indicates the preferred distribution of the several units. The oating barriers are located in multiple parallel, or approximately parallel, lines. It `will be observed that the inner line has its barriers staggered as regards the outer row of barriers, the barriers on the inner line being positioned so as to cover the gaps between the barrier units on the outer line, thereby having in the two lines of barrier units an unbroken line of barrier units opposed to the waves coming from any direction, except for those openings between the individual barrier groups which are left for the entrance and exit of vessels. In this arrangement the doubleline of barriers are lolcated in groups between such entrance and exit openings.

Substantial anchors 58 are located at each end of the inner and outer barriers of each group. Attached to these anehorsis a cable 40 which passes, directly or indirectly, through the comb portion of each barrier unit, such cable by attachment or location uniting the several barrier units of each line of each group, holding the barrier units in position and causing them to act, to a certain extent, in unison. This connecting anchor 5 cable is flexible, instead of taut,permitting,within regulatable limits, independent movement of the several barrier units. In addition, each of the barrier units is fastened by one or more independent anchors 4| by anchor cables 42. 'Ihese l0 latter anchors and anchor cables preserve and maintain the relative alinement of the barrier units, and limit their vertical, and to a lesser degree, their horizontal movement or displacement. The individual anchor cables of the inner l5 and outer groups may be differently attached to the oats, and for specific reasons. Usually the outer barrier anchor cables are attached to the upper vfloat cylinder 35, and pass downwardly through a ring 58 attached to the lower float cyl- '-0 inder 34, and from thence to the anchor 4 i These anchor cables are usually attached to the seaward side of the barrier units. Such an arrangement, and such a mode of attachment causes the outer barrier unit t6 stand up more nearly vertical "25 under wave action, and yet with such flexibility of movement as not to unduly stress the cables. At points of contact between cables and barrier units, the cables are considerably enlarged and armored, in order to provide for, and to protect 30 against, abrasion and wear.

In some locations where such articial harbors are located, temperatures will be met with during the winter season at, or lbelow, freezing, and as a result the upper float, and the upper por- 3 tion of the c0mb" may become heavily encrusted with ice or frozen spray. The added weight of this material will materially decrease the buoyancy of the barrier units, and seriously interfere with the action of the comb". In order to over- 4n come these injurious effects, means 48, 58 and 5|, are provided for heating such portions of the barrier units as are liable to become so encrusted, such heating being carried only to such a' temperature as will prevent an undue accumulation. As previously referred to, the comb" is usually built of tubing or pipe, and, the mid-stay may likewise be of tubular construction. Connection 48 is made with the upper portion of the comb" and with the mid-stay 38, and through these and 50 return connection 53 a heating/medium is allowed to circulate.

Both the outer and the inner floating barriers are usually anchored so as to have their upward limit of vertical amplitude at or about midway 55 between crest and trough, that is at or about the level of still or quiet water. When a wave approaches the outer barrier it raises the barrier unit until the -anchor cable 42 is taut, after which, and because the barrier unit can rise no further (that is higher), the wave piles up above the lower float cylinder and strikes the comb, A portion, and usually about $5 of the wave volume, passes through the com but in such passage it is impeded. The unimpeded portion of the wave G5 adjacent to the ends of the barrier units, passes unimpeded through the spaces or gaps between the several barrier units, into the annular ring between the two lines of barrier units. But, be-

cause the height of the water in this annular 70.

space, and behind the outer barrier units is lower than the crest and lower than the height of wave passing through the gapsbetween the barrier units, this advancing wave through the gap is deneeted sldewise and passes into the annular space, instead oi' moving toward the inner pool. As the quantity passing through these gaps is comparatively small the elevation of the water in the annular space is only slightly elevated above mean elevation, and there is no marked movement from the annular space toward the pool, or toward the inner line of barrier units which are positioned to prevent any secondary wave, ofmeasurable height, passing into the inner area, or pool. That is, the combined action of the comb and the annular space is to atten out the wave, destroy its synchrony, and therefore eliminate it from influence upon the pool area. In fact, the pool is discharging into the annular space as much and as often as that space is discharging into the pool, and such motion and currents as do exist are insufficient to create any turbulent eifect. Likewise, a large portion ofthe entangled and retarded wave flows backward from the barrier unit into the sea, because the crest has passed before any material reduction in the height of water on the barrier unit has manifested itself, the level of the seaward side of the barrier unit being at that time, lower than the entangled water on the barrier unit.

What I claim is:-

1. In a harbor, a barrier unit, said unit having an upper float, a lower float and a comb enclosing said oats.

2. In a harbor, a barrier unit, said unit having an upper fioat, a lower fioat, a permanent ballast in said lower float and a comb enclosing said floats.

3. In a harbor, a barrier unit, said unit having an upper fioat, a lower iioat, a comb enclosing said floats, anchorsv and means connecting said floats and said anchors.

4. In a harbor, a barrier unit, said unit having an upper oat, a lower fioat, a post between said upper and .said lower float and a comb enclosing said floats.

5. In a harbor, a barrier unit, said unit having an upper oat, a lower float, a comb enclosing said floats and struts between opposing sections of said comb.

6.v In a harbor, a barrier unit, said unit having an upper oat, a lower oat, posts between said upper and said lower iioat and a comb enclosing said floats, said comb consisting of a plurality of enclosing bands, said posts and said bands being staggered relatively to each other longitudinal of said floats.

'7. In a harbor, a barrier unit, said unit having an upper oat, a lower fioat, ai comb enclosing said floats, means permanently connecting said comb to said upper float and other means permanently connecting said comb to said lower float.

8. In a harbor, a barrier unit, said unit having an upper lfioat, a lower iioat and a comb enclosing said iioats, said comb consisting of a plurality of enclosing tubes.

9. In a barrier unit, the combination of an upper float, a lower float and a comb, said comb being exterior of'and connected to said floats, and said comb consisting of a plurality of continuous bands.

10. In a barrier unit, the combination of an upper iioat, a lower float and a comb, said comb being exterior of and connected to said floats, and said comb consisting of a plurality of continuous tubular bands.

11. In a barrier unit, the combination of an upper fioat, a. lower iloat and a comb, said comb being exterior of and connected to said oats, and said comb consisting of a plurality of bands,

said bands being positioned longitudinal of said floats, adjacent bands being in non-contact relation with each other.

, 12. In a harbor, a barrier\unit, said unit having an upper float, lower oats in multiple'and 5 a comb enclosing said iioats.

13. In a harbor, a barrier unit, said unit having an upper float, a lower oat, a comb enclosing said floats and means conveying heat to said unit. 10

14. In a harbor, a barrier unit, said unit having an upper iioat, a lower fioat, a comb enclosing said floats and fingers depending from said lower float.

15. In a harbor, a plurality of barrier units, said units having an upper float, a lower oat, a comb enclosing said oats, anchors and means connecting said units, and said anchors.

16. In a harbor, a periphery composed of a plurality of barrier units, said units having upper iioats, lower floats and combs enclosing said floats.

17. In a harbor, a periphery composed of a plurality of barrier units, said units having upper floats, lower floats and combs enclosing said -floats, said units being arranged in separated groups.

` 18. In a harbor, a periphery composed of a plurality of barrier units, said units having upper floats, lower floats and combs enclosing said floats, anchors, and means connecting said units and said anchors, said units being arranged in separated groups.

19. In a harbor, separated, external groups of' barrier units, said units having upper floats, lower oats and combs enclosing said iioats.

20. In a harbor, separated, peripheral groups of barrier units, said units having upper floats, lower floats and enclosing combs, a main cable connected to the units of each group and anchors attached to said main cable. 40

21. In a harbor, an outer, peripheral line of barrier units and an inner, peripheral line of barrier units, each of saidunits-having an upper fioat, a lower float and a comb enclosing said iioats.l 45

22. In a harbor, a plurality of exterior barrier units, said units having their longitudinal axes located upon an exterior peripheral line and a plurality of interior barrier units, said units having their longitudinal axes located upon an interior peripheral line, said exterior and said interior lines being substantially parallel, each of said units having an upper oat, a lower float and a comb enclosing said floats, a line normal to said exterior and said interior peripheral lines and passing through the centre of said interior barrier unit being eccentric relative to the centre of the adjacent exterior barrier unit.

23. In a harbor, an outer peripheral line of barrier units, said units having an upper float, a lower oat and a comb enclosing said floats, a main cable, anchors, means connecting said units and said cable, means connecting said anchors and said cable, an inner peripheral line of barrier units, said units having an upper fioat, a lower float and a comb enclosing said floats, a main cable, anchors, means connecting said units and said cable and other means connecting said anchors and said cable.

24. In a harbor, the combination of piers, said piers having outer and inner cofferdams, masonry walls, and interior filling, barrierfunits, said units having upper floats, lower floats and Venclosing combs and means connecting said piers and said units.

6 X 11,044,705 i l 25. In a'barrier unit. the combination of an upper float. lower oats in multiple, and a comb. said comb being exterior of and connected to said floats, said comb consisting of a plurality of conl tinuous bands.

26. In a barrier unit, the combination of an upper iloat, lower noats in multiple, and a comb, said comb being exterior of and connected with said iioats. said comb consisting of a plurality o! 1| continuous tubular bands.

27. In a harbor, the combination of a line* ot outer barrier units, a line ot inner barrier umts, anchors for said outer units, anchors for said inner 1mits,"said units consisting o! an upper iloat, a lower noat. a comb m3881118 said floats and beacon clusters interior oi said line of inner barrier units.

28. In a harbor, the combination of a line of g :lmau' M. KNIGHT. 

